Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This tissue responds to the menstrual cycle hormones, causing inflammation, pain, and the formation of adhesions or scar tissue. Symptoms of endometriosis vary but commonly include pelvic pain (especially during menstruation), pain during intercourse, heavy menstrual periods, and infertility.

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but theories include retrograde menstruation (where menstrual blood flows backward into the pelvic cavity), immune system disorders, and genetic factors. Diagnosis often involves a combination of medical history, pelvic exams, imaging tests like ultrasound, and laparoscopy for confirmation by visually inspecting the pelvic organs.

Management aims to alleviate symptoms and may include pain medications, hormonal therapies (like birth control pills or GnRH agonists), and surgery to remove endometrial implants or scar tissue. While there is no cure, effective management can significantly improve quality of life for those affected by endometriosis.